Central Index Key (CIK)
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The CIK is the unique numerical identifier assigned by the EDGAR 
system to filers when they sign up to make filings to the SEC. 
CIK numbers remain unique to the filer; they are not recycled.


 CIK-ticker mapping 
     http://rankandfiled.com/#/data/tickers

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Access to SEC filings 
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  https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/accessing-edgar-data.htm

Given CIK, e.g., CIK=51143
   https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/
   https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/000104746917001061/

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Common-size financial statements
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To compare the performance of a firm over several years or compare its 
   performance with other firms in the same industry, we use so-called 
   common size financial statements. For example, last year's Cash & 
   Equivalents was $1m and this year's corresponding value is $1.1m. 
   With those two values alone, it is difficult to figure out what the 
   impact of this specific data item. If we know further that the ratio 
   of this data item over total sales are a constant over two years, then 
   it is easier to interpret our results.

                       original data
  New Data Item= -----------------------
                       Reference data 

 For a balance-sheet

                       original data
  New Data Item= -----------------------
                       Total asset

 For an income statement: 

                       original data
  New Data Item= -----------------------
                       Total Sales 

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What is the purpose for a ratio analysis
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Objective #1: compare with company itself

              look at various ratios to see improvements 
               check performance and weakness

Objective #2: compare with peers in the same industry

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several frequently used ratios
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Short-term liquidity
--------------------
                     CA
 current ratio = ----------------
                     CL

  CA: current asset 
  CL: current liability

                   CA - inventory
  quick ratio   = ----------
                       CL

                    Cash + short-term securities
  cash ratio ==  ---------------------------
                            CL
leverage ratios
--------------------
                            D
   Debt to Total assets  = ---
                            A
                                    LT debt
   long-term debt to total asset=   -----
                                      A
                              D
    Debt to equity ratio =   ----
                              E
Probability 
--------------------

         NI
   ROA = ---
         A

         NI
   ROE = ---
         E
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