A list of accounting ratios
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Profitability Ratios
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   Gross Profit Rate = Gross Profit / Net Sales
         Evaluates how much gross profit is generated from sales. 
         Gross profit is equal to net sales (sales minus sales 
         returns, discounts, and allowances) minus cost of sales.

   Return on Sales = Net Income / Net Sales
         Also known as "net profit margin" or "net profit rate",
         it measures the percentage of income derived from dollar 
         sales. Generally, the higher the ROS the better.

   Return on Assets = Net Income / Average Total Assets
         In financial analysis, it is the measure of the return on 
         investment. ROA is used in evaluating management's efficiency 
         in using assets to generate income.

  Return on Stockholders' Equity = Net Income / Average Stockholders' Equity
          Measures the percentage of income derived for every dollar of owners' equity.

Liquidity Ratios
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  Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
          Evaluates the ability of a company to pay short-term obligations 
          using current assets (cash, marketable securities, current 
          receivables, inventory, and prepayments).

  Acid Test Ratio = Quick Assets / Current Liabilities
          Also known as "quick ratio", it measures the ability of a 
          company to pay short-term obligations using the more liquid
          types of current assets or "quick assets" (cash, marketable 
          securities, and current receivables).

  Cash Ratio = ( Cash + Marketable Securities ) / Current Liabilities
          Measures the ability of a company to pay its current liabilities 
          using cash and marketable securities. Marketable securities are 
          short-term debt instruments that are as good as cash.

  Net Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
          Determines if a company can meet its current obligations with 
          its current assets; and how much excess or deficiency there is.

Management Efficiency Ratios
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  Receivable Turnover = Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable
          Measures the efficiency of extending credit and collecting 
          the same. It indicates the average number of times in a year 
          a company collects its open accounts. A high ratio implies efficient credit and collection process.

  Days Sales Outstanding = 360 Days / Receivable Turnover
          Also known as "receivable turnover in days", "collection period". 
          It measures the average number of days it takes a company to collect 
          a receivable. The shorter the DSO, the better. Take note that some 
          use 365 days instead of 360.

  Inventory Turnover = Cost of Sales / Average Inventory
          Represents the number of times inventory is sold and replaced. 
          Take note that some authors use Sales in lieu of Cost of Sales 
          in the above formula. A high ratio indicates that the company is 
          efficient in managing its inventories.

  Days Inventory Outstanding = 360 Days / Inventory Turnover
          Also known as "inventory turnover in days". It represents the 
          number of days inventory sits in the warehouse. In other words, 
          it measures the number of days from purchase of inventory to the 
          sale of the same. Like DSO, the shorter the DIO the better.

  Accounts Payable Turnover = Net Credit Purchases / Ave. Accounts Payable
          Represents the number of times a company pays its accounts payable 
          during a period. A low ratio is favored because it is better to 
          delay payments as much as possible so that the money can be used 
          for more productive purposes.

  Days Payable Outstanding = 360 Days / Accounts Payable Turnover
          Also known as "accounts payable turnover in days", "payment period".
          It measures the average number of days spent before paying obligations 
          to suppliers. Unlike DSO and DIO, the longer the DPO the better 
          (as explained above).

  Operating Cycle = Days Inventory Outstanding + Days Sales Outstanding
          Measures the number of days a company makes 1 complete operating 
          cycle, i.e. purchase merchandise, sell them, and collect the amount 
          due. A shorter operating cycle means that the company generates sales 
          and collects cash faster.

  Cash Conversion Cycle = Operating Cycle - Days Payable Outstanding
          CCC measures how fast a company converts cash into more cash.
          It represents the number of days a company pays for purchases, 
          sells them, and collects the amount due. Generally, like operating
          cycle, the shorter the CCC the better.

  Total Asset Turnover = Net Sales / Average Total Assets
          Measures overall efficiency of a company in generating sales 
          using its assets. The formula is like ROA, except that 
          net sales is used instead of net income.

Leverage Ratios
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  Debt Ratio = Total Liabilities / Total Assets
         Measures the portion of company assets that is financed by debt 
         (Obligations to third parties). Debt ratio can also be computed 
         using the formula: 1 minus Equity Ratio.

  Equity Ratio = Total Equity / Total Assets
        Determines the portion of total assets provided by equity (i.e. 
        owners' contributions and the company's accumulated profits). 
        Equity ratio can also be computed using the formula: 1 minus Debt Ratio.
        The reciprocal of equity ratio is known as equity multiplier, which is 
        equal to total assets divided by total equity.

  Debt-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Total Equity
        Evaluates the capital structure of a company. A D/E ratio of more 
        than 1 implies that the company is a leveraged firm; less than 1 
        implies that it is a conservative one.

  Times Interest Earned = EBIT / Interest Expense
        Measures the number of times interest expense is converted to income,
        and if the company can pay its interest expense using the profits 
        generated. EBIT is earnings before interest and taxes.

Valuation and Growth Ratios
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  Earnings per Share = ( Net Income - Preferred Dividends ) / Average Common Shares Outstanding
        EPS shows the rate of earnings per share of common stock. Preferred 
        dividends is deducted from net income to get the earnings available 
        to common stockholders.

  Price-Earnings Ratio = Market Price per Share / Earnings per Share
        Used to evaluate if a stock is over- or underpriced. A relatively 
        low P/E ratio could indicate that the company is underpriced. 
        Conversely, investors expect high growth rate from companies with 
        high P/E ratio.

  Dividend Pay-out Ratio = Dividend per Share / Earnings per Share
        Determines the portion of net income that is distributed to owners. 
        Not all income is distributed since a significant portion is retained
        for the next year's operations.

  Dividend Yield Ratio = Dividend per Share / Market Price per Share
        Measures the percentage of return through dividends when compared 
        to the price paid for the stock. A high yield is attractive to 
        investors who are after dividends rather than long-term capital 
        appreciation.

  Book Value per Share = Common SHE / Average Common Shares
        Indicates the value of stock based on historical cost. The value of 
        common shareholders' equity in the books of the company is divided 
        by the average common shares outstanding.

 Source: 
    http://www.accountingverse.com/managerial-accounting/fs-analysis/financial-ratios.html
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