Errata for the chapter (book)
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  For chapter 4, 'Financial Modeling using R' (2018) , the R package called
     'quantmod' is used to download various financial statements. To be more specific, 
     functions getFin(), getFinancials() and getSymbol.goole.  However, since Google 
     Finance has changed their dat structure, those related funcitons stop working. 

  library(quantmod)
  help("quantmod-defunct")

  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  Description
  The functions listed here are no longer part of quantmod. 
  Usage
  # Defunct in 0.4-13
  getFin(Symbol, env = parent.frame(), src = "google", auto.assign = TRUE, ...)
  getFinancials(Symbol, env = parent.frame(), src ="google", auto.assign = TRUE, ...)
  getSymbols.google(Symbols, env, return.class = "xts", from = "2007-01-01",
    to = Sys.Date(), ...)
  Details
     Google Finance stopped providing data in March, 2018. This included historical price 
     data, and also financial information. This affected getFinancials, getFin, and getSymbols.google. 

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Purposes of a financial statement analysis  
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Objective #1: compare with company itself

              look at various ratios to see improvements 
               check performance and weakness

Objective #2: compare with peers in the same industry

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A simple balance sheet
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 A balance-sheet is snapshot for a company, 
    usually a quarter one or an annual one. 

Example

      Cash        = 0.2m
      Equipment   = 0.5m
      Other values= 0.3m
     -------------------
      Total assets= 1.0m

  Short-term debt =   0.1m 
  Long-term debt  =   0.3m
  Equity          =   0.6m
    ---------------------
  Total assets    =   1.0m

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A simple cash flow statement 
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  Free Cash Flow = NI + Depreciation - change in CapEx + change in NWC

      NI           is Net Income
  depreciation     is depreciation of the year
  change in CapEx  is change in capital expenditure
  change in NWC    is change in Net working capital 
  NWC              is net working capital defined as CA -CL
                      CA is the current asset
                      CL is the current liability

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